Muh Aris Marfai, Sri Hartini, Lalitya Narieswari, Sri Lestari Munajati, Lien Rosalina
Geospatial Information Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BIG) Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Rapid technological innovation in recent centuries has made it possible to significantly increase agricultural production to meet the food needs of a rapidly growing global population. Technological advances have enabled the start of the digital revolution in agriculture. Yet climate change, limited agricultural land with depleted land quality/land degradation, poor water quality, water scarcity and other challenges hampering the efforts in realizing global agriculture resilience. Geospatial information (GI) and geospatial technologies such as remote sensing, GPS, and drones have played an important role in climate and weather monitoring, land management, and in implementing optimal and targeted agricultural resource management practices to increase crop productivity. This paper describes the application of GI and geospatial technology in realizing precision agriculture and the goal of sustainable food production.
Geospatial Information and Geospatial Technology
Geospatial information is any types of information that have an element of location (georeferenced), both on the surface, beneath and above the Earth's surface. In Indonesia, the implementation of geospatial information (GI) is the task of the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). BIG provides base maps and geodetic control networks to facilitate integrated Thematic geospatial information (TGI) nationally. In addition, BIG’s duties are fostering the implementation of TGI, developing data product standards, facilitating development of geospatial human resources, and GI institutions.
Geospatial information technology is used in a broad field of applications. Ranging from coarse precision of application such as land use, tourism, forestry, water resources to high precision application such as architecture, archaeology, mining, land administration and also precision agriculture.
The use of several geospatial technology platforms such as drones, spectrophotometers, and satellite data for collecting land resources data is example of the digital technology innovations in precision agriculture that is useful for producing higher productivity by reducing input costs. The application of geospatial data and information in agriculture is very wide. Those that related to Geospatial Information System (GIS) technology which facilitates land mapping to assist agricultural resource management planning such as an area for cultivation, developing a rotation system, and so on. Landsat, ASTER, Terra/Aqua Modis and other multi-spectral satellites data are also widely used for monitoring crop health and harvest prediction for wide areas, for example by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). For fine-scale assessment drones are often used to retrieve biomass estimation, plant height, and volumetric data, as it is handy due to its small in terms of platform size and relatively low-cost technology. ****
One Map Policy and One Data Indonesia
Considering the important used of geospatial data for nationwide, the government through Presidential Decree 9/2016 & Presidential Decree 23/2021 mandated the implementation of One Map Policy (OMP). It is a strategic direction in the fulfilment of one map that refers to one geospatial reference, one standard, one database, and one geoportal at a map accuracy level of 1:50,000 scale. This decree appoints a one map acceleration team and a one map implementation team. The acceleration team chaired by the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, with 15 Ministers and Heads of Institutions; while the implementing team led by the Head of BIG.
The benefits of OMP are enabling to the availability and access to thematic geospatial information that used as a reference for spatial-based development and planning and utilization of space that are integrated in the spatial plan on land, waters and air space. The geospatial information also enables assessment of suitability and permits allocation of space utilization of each sector, avoiding overlapping of space used and improvement of TGI for each sector.
Currently, 158 themes of TGI are being targeted in the Presidential Decree 23/2021, including 85 themes that have been targeted on Presidential Decree 9/2016. Among them, there are 9 agricultural related themes which targeted in the decree that are provided by the Ministry of Agriculture; those are thematic geospatial information of horticulture, food crops, livestock, plantations, palm oil plantation, permits business on plantations, rice field expansion, soil and peatland. Other thematic spatial information including rice field map provide by the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning, and irrigation area and network provide by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing.
Meanwhile, the Government of Indonesia also issue One Data Indonesia (ODI) through Presidential Decree 39/2019. This is a government data management policy to produce data that is accurate, up-to-date, integrated, and accountable, as well as easily accessible and shared between central and regional agencies through compliance with data standards, metadata, data interoperability, and using reference codes and master data. GI development which produces basic geospatial information and the results of OMP implementation is one of the elements in the implementation of ODI which is shared through the ODI portal to be used by users. Interoperability between shared geospatial, statistical and financial data in ODI governance is needed in realizing the integration of geospatial data and statistical data to support the realization of Indonesia Gold in 2045.
Geospatial Information for Agricultural Management
Agricultural management required various spatial data such as soil type, rainfall, temperature, irrigation network, crop and commodities, land suitability, and others. Geospatial data and information will not useful if the data are not collected, correctly and accurately analysed. BIG works together with respected ministries and agencies to develop accurate data for the national interest as has been mandated in one map policy.
Several institutions in Indonesia, independently or collaboratively have developed agricultural thematic maps. BIG was appointed to conduct a National rice field map which intended to resolve disputes among institutions in the area of rice fields. Rice field mapping is conducted in many institutions. Each institution has a different definition and different methods of data provision that lead to a different calculation of areas. Therefore, the solution is to use a mapping method agreed upon by all parties by using a remote sensing approach combined with fieldwork for verification and validation supported by all respected stakeholders, including local government. This thematic map produced in collaboration between BIG, the Ministry of Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning, LAPAN, BPS, and Ministry of Agriculture using remote sensing-based approach mapping with the support of local government and universities (UGM, ITB, UI).
BPS and BPPT developed a sampling area framework (KSA). KSA is a spatial statistic method for harvesting and forecasting rice harvested area by observing the rice growth phase. This application is developed using android apps which are able to provide timely and accurate data. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing conducted an irrigation area and networks map that integrated with a rice field map which enables monitoring and evaluation of irrigation coverage and intensity. This program is conducted at the national level. This spatial data is used as the instrument in budget allocation for operating and maintenance of the irrigation.
IPB University conducted research on precision mapping on individual palm oil vegetation basis using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. BIG, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and KEHATI have conducted Reconciliation data on National Palm Oil Plantation which have an important role where the government provides national data on palm oil plantation which accepted among stakeholders. IPB University conducted research on precision mapping on individual palm oil vegetation basis using artificial intelligent, machine learning and deep learning. BIG also conducted land system map which has important role in land use planning on agriculture since landform controls distribution and spatial pattern of vegetation. This map provide natural resources information based on their natural characteristic. This map is useful in land resources evaluation by accessing land capability and land suitability.